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Intervention For Children With Autism Children And Young People Essay

发布时间:2017-03-14
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The purpose of this Literature review is to identify the literature available on my research topic. The review will contain a brief explanation of Autism and a short description of Early Intervention and its aims. The review will also give a definition of Art Therapy and an insight into its background and purpose. Furthermore, the main purpose of this review is to look at the benefits of art therapy when used as an early intervention for children with Autism.

Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder that impairs communication skills and causes difficulties in social interactions and forming relationships (http://www.autismireland.ie/). Autism which was once considered a rare disorder now affects about 1 in every 88 children; it affects boys more often than girls (http://www.autismireland.ie/).Autism is often characterised by the repetitive and obsessive behaviours present in the child (http://www.autismireland.ie/).However, Nicole Martin (2009) describes in her book that although the characteristic of children with autism implies that they do not crave or human contact or attention that in fact the autistic child desires affection and human contact (Nicole Martin 2009, Art as an Early Intervention Tool for Children with Autism).

Early intervention is often used as a tool when working with children that are on the Autistic Spectrum. It was introduced between 1970 and 1980 in America (Bryson, S & Fombonne, E & Rogers, S, 2003). Early intervention aims to improve the development of Autistic children by using various therapies and programmes for example language therapy helps to improve communication development (Bryson, S & Fombonne, E & Rogers, S, 2003). There is a wide range of therapies used as a part of early intervention programmes, one of which is Art Therapy.

"Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy that uses art media as its primary mode of communication" (www.baat.org)

Art therapy which was created in the 1940's, it is a therapeutic approach to art and is often used as an intervention for intellectual disabilities such as Autism (http://www.arttherapy-co.org). It incorporates the use of various art tools such as clay, play, sand and paint. It offers children with Autism a way of expressing their thoughts and feelings through art and facial expression; it fulfils sensory needs as well as communication needs and allows for a visual based therapy that is more appropriate for children with Autism (http://autism.about.com). Art therapy also benefits the autistic child as it provides for the development of social skills (http://autism.about.com). The following literature review aims to study if art therapy is beneficial when used as an early intervention for children with autism.

Art therapy is used all over Ireland, it is often found in organisation such as Brother of Charity or other services that aim to improve the quality of life for people with disabilities. It both possible for public and private use.

A questionnaire conducted in Britain by the British Association or Art Therapists, it looked into how many people know about art therapy treatment options which 68% answered yes too(http://www.baat.org). They were asked: do they know how to access to an art therapist whom 82% also answered yes (http://www.baat.org). Finally it examined whether they found it helpful which 94% of people answered yes (http://www.baat.org).

This questionnaire allows for an insight on how people undertaking Art Therapy feel about it and its benefits, thus suggestions further research will be useful.

It is essential for social care practitioner to understand the benefits of art therapy for children with autism, thus the reason for the importance of researching art therapy as an early intervention for children with Autism.

Therefore by undertaking this research it will build on previous research by collaborating past and present findings of the benefits of art therapy as an early intervention.

The research journal "Art as an Intervention for Autism" by Melinda J. Emery (2004) addresses two specific research questions. Firstly, is art therapy as beneficial as an early intervention as it claims? Secondly, what aspects of the child's development are focused on during the projects of art therapy? The focus of the research journal was a case study of a 6 year old boy diagnosed with Autism who began to use art therapy as an intervention.

The study hypothesized the benefits such as communication skills, social skills and improvement of motor skills, which are gained during the process when art therapy is used as an intervention and explores the growth in development through-out the process.

The result of the case study supported the hypothesis that benefits are gained and the growth in development during the process of art therapy as an intervention. The study outlined the improvements of the boy's motor skills, social skills, communication and language skills.

However the study did consist of a limitation, some of which are how it did not discuss how the boy's expression of his feelings and thoughts developed and also it only consisted of one child and one gender. The findings may have been different if the study was carried out with a young girl with Autism.

In order to obtain this information a book on the topic was considered. The book "Art Therapy with Children on the Autistic Spectrum: Beyond Words" by Dubowski and Evans (2001) explains how autistic children do not develop language skills in early life and how they often find it difficult to express and understand their feelings.

Dubowski and Evans (2001) describe how art therapy provides this outlet for a child with autism through what the child creates. It has been noticed in the art work of an autistic child that it often shapes an emotion the child could be feeling.

To prove this theory Dubowski and Evans (2001) undertook several case studies one of which was a girl aged 8 years, it provided similar to before that art therapy help develop many areas for her such as communications skills and social skills.

The case study results showed that the benefits of art therapy exist whether introduced to male or female children. It also showed that the benefits of art therapy are more apparent in younger children with Autism.

Kathleen Marie Epp states in her article "Outcome-Based Evaluation of a Social Skills Program using Art Therapy and Group Therapy for Children on the Autism Spectrum" (2008) another benefit of Art therapy is that Art Therapy provides a way of visually solving problems. As Autistic children find it difficult to understand other people's opinions, by using Art therapy is has been seen to help the child develop an understanding of other people's view.

To conclude, Art therapy can benefit children with autism in a number of ways such as development of language skills i.e. communication, social skill which enables relationships to be formed, a way of expressing thoughts and feelings and sensory integration. Through-out the processes of Art therapy it is clear children with Autism benefit more when introduced as an early intervention. In addition, the literature has provided a great deal of information and has proven that further research is possible.

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