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Gaskets - Buyer's guide
Gaskets are mechanical seals used to patch up spaces between irregularly joined surfaces to avoid leakage. They are cut out from sheet materials such as graphite, gasket paper, rubber, fiberglass, etc. or made out of metals. The most important property of a gasket used in industrial applications is its capacity to withstand pressure of highly compressed loads.
A gasket should be pliable enough to mold itself and fill a space tightly. Sealants can also be applied to the gasket surface to increase its effectiveness.
Types of gaskets
Gaskets are categorized based on industrial application, chemical reactivity, budget and physical factors:
Sheet gaskets: Gasket shapes are punched out of sheets made of asbestos or fibrous graphite. This is a crude means of making gaskets quickly. Sheet gaskets fit into many budgets and are commonly used in non-industrial applications that need a gasket that does not react with the chemicals used.
Solid material gaskets: These gaskets are made out of metals - cheaply, but with better quality control. These industrially used gaskets can withstand high temperatures and pressures. The metal used to make the gasket should:
- merge with the flange head to prevent leakage
- not react with the metal surface to prevent oxidation and contamination
- be soft enough to prevent distorting of the flange
Spiral-wound gaskets: Metallic material spirals outwards and a filler material such as graphite spirals alternately between its edges to form a spiral-wound gasket. The graphite spiral does the primary job and the metallic spiral makes sure the gasket's structure is sound. Though these gaskets are costlier than solid material gaskets, they are popular in industries.
Constant seating stress gaskets: This gasket consists of a solid carrier ring (made of stainless steel or other suitable material), flanked by sealing elements on both ends. Sealing elements can be expanded graphite, PTFE, vermiculite, or a material that suits the fluid used in the industrial process. Constant seating stress gaskets take into account the radial deflection of the flange under stress, thereby preventing leakages when pressure load is high. These gaskets are unaffected by high system vibration, creep relaxation, system thermal cycles - common causes of gasket failures.
Double jacketed gaskets: These gaskets can be made from any sheet material and filler. A tube with C-shaped ends is made from the sheet material, and the ends are made thicker by inserting an extra piece into the "C". A filler material is inserted between the piece and the shell. When in use, the thick ends of the gasket form a larger seal that can withstand more pressure.
Kammprofile gaskets: Kammprofile gaskets consist of a flexible cover around a solid corrugated core. The gasket can withstand high compression and forms a very tight seal. Even if the graphite cover breaks, it can be repaired without too much disruption. Though costly, its reliability and durability make it a popular choice in industrial gaskets.
Gaskets are small but crucial elements of any industrial operation. There is a continual effort on to increase the reliability, robustness and effectiveness of gaskets.
