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New methodologies for listening
Annotated Bibliography
Field, J. (1998). Skills and strategies: towards a new methodology for listening. ELT Journal, 52(2), 110-118.
In his article, Field describes the changes that took place in the methodology of listening tasks reaching a conclusion that, in listening comprehension exercises, more emphasis should be laid on the process of listening instead of its product. The "diagnostic approach to listening" (112) helps the teacher to find the reasons of the students' mistakes and allows them to reach more effective listening comprehension. First, the parallel training of different listening skills, such as segmentation, and the their synthesis can provide a superior listening comprehension. Then, the extensive use of authentic material, even from the first stages of learning, can help the students to get better acquainted with the language learnt. Finally, the use of various strategies, if the message is not completely understood, is present in the students' mother tongue and is also applied in teaching reading comprehension.
Field, J. (2000). 'Not waving but drowning': a reply to Tony Ridgway. ELT Journal, 54(2), 186-195.
In his response to Ridgway's article (2000), Field tries to prove the faultiness of Ridgway's argumentation by commenting on his statements one by one. First of all, he denies the assumption that practice in itself is sufficient for acquiring proficiency in listening. Secondly, he doubts that strategies in L2 are transferred from L1 from the very beginning; he believes that some sort of temporary makeshift strategies must be present. Thirdly, he considers using the words "strategy" and "skill" interchangeably and deeming the whole theory invalid because of the inconsistencies of the terminology to be a significant flaw of Ridgway's article. Then, Field also reinforces his position about the benefits of the use of authentic materials. Finally, he concludes that Ridgway is too much devoted to the product of language learning instead of its process, which he believes to be superior (1998).