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Depopulation adversely affect quality

发布时间:2018-06-08
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Analysis of Data

It can be seen from the statistics and comparison to Canada that Russia has a declining population and is suffering from depopulation. Depopulation is caused by sub-replacement fertility, alcohol problem, depression and emigration for Russia. A decreasing population has negative effects for Russia because Russia needs the people to push its economy and open new business in its post soviet structure. Russia is not overpopulated on the most part and has a low population density overall though the population is dense in areas such as Moscow. Depopulation adversely affect the quality of life for young people because there is an increased social and economic pressure brought upon them as they have to increase their income in order to support an infrastructure with costly, intensive care for the older population. This can be seen by the 2050 population pyramid of Russia and how many people 80 years or older. A declining also creates a labour shortage, which can have a number of positive as well as negative effects. Some labour-intensive sectors of the economy may be hurt if the shortage is severe enough. Russia also requires more people to open businesses in post communist Russia which is only possible if there is a population to sustain it. On the positive side, Russia's declining population is resulting in an increasing quality of life. Though Russia's place has been dropping and is now 60th, Russia is steadily improving and only dropped because other countries have improved faster. Below are breakdowns of the specific causes of three main causes of the declining population which are: too many deaths, not enough births, and emigration not enough immigration.

Quality of Life & Why people live where they do

Most people living in Russia are clustered near the southern border and along the west border which is where Moscow is and other big cities with a relatively high population density. The northern and eastern parts of the country are sparsely population. Russia's population distribution is due the cold weather in the northern and eastern areas and that the land area there is unfavourable for settlement. The major cities in Russia such as Moscow all have rivers, canals or some sort of a body of water to sustain the city and that made it attractive for settlers in the first place. Moscow has the Moscow River. The quality of life for the people living in urban areas of Russia is high according to the statistics. They have a high literacy rate and HDI however those are averages of the population. The life expectancy is low and the richest 10% account for 40% of the household consumption. This indicates that Russia as a whole is a developed country with problems regarding wealth distribution. The quality of life differs widely for the wealthy “New Russians” who are a new class of businessman that emerged after communism fell. However 14% of the population lives in poverty though this number is rapidly decreasing from the 40% that lived in poverty in 1998.

Causes

Emigration & Immigration Causes:

Government Imbalance & Corruption:

  • 4 out of 5 people who are high members in the government are either former KGB or have ties with a member. The ties that the members have may have influenced many citizens of Russia to leave after witnessing the KGB actions.
  • Russia was a communism before, where people were not allowed to think for themselves. (can be shown from the government's actions to burn books and not allow western ideas to come into Russia) Now that the communism has been abolished, people cannot think for themselves, since they were so relying on the government before. Since people cannot think for themselves, they are losing jobs, houses and some have decided to leave the country in hope for a better government situation. Also, even before communism was slowly being wiped out, many Russians who could think for themselves even under the influence under the Russian government left the country, in hope to put their ideas and knowledge to use. The result was a bunch of inventions that were developed by Russians living in other countries.

Economical Reasons:

  • There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor, the rich who are referred to as “New Russians” have much more power than the people bellow. Russia is a place where the people with power and money believe they are the “best”. It is often a hard life in Russia for most people. Many have left Russia in hope for more economical balance.
  • The government corruption and imbalance means that most Russians are receiving income much below the poverty line. Again many would want to leave Russia in hope for a better life for their families.
  • In addition to those reasons, the lack of normal housing and poor medical treatment in some areas would also influence people to leave Russia, looking for a place that would support them, rather than leave them on their own.
  • Lastly, it is known by many that a large group of Russians left Russia for America. They left, not because of the reasons above but because back then Russia was not nearly as industrialized as other countries. (and they still aren't today) Therefore they wanted a place which was more modernized and a place where they could think for themselves without punishment. The result was numerous inventions by Russians that were invented outside of Russia.

Conscription:

  • The Russian military is very brutal and strict and unlike others it is mandatory. Once men are conscripted from their families, their lives take on a year of initiation and a year of what people call “bullying.” It's one year of full-on assault and battery, followed by one year of doing the exact same thing to the new members. Many men have left Russia with their families to avoid the Russian military.

Education:

  • Although Russia is home to one of the highest literacy rates in the world (99.6%) it is also home to one of the most brutal and intense educational systems in the world. Russians believe that education is important, but they will only teach things that they believe in, keeping western ideas away from the minds of students. A man who fled to Sweden in fear that the intense school system would influence his family too much, describes Russia's educational system efficient but too brutal. The things he learned in Sweden in three years was equivalent to what he would've learned in Russia in one semester.

Deaths Causes

A major contributing factor to Russia's declining population is the number of deaths in relation to the number of births. Unlike in Canada, Russia has more deaths per 1000 people than births which coupled with emigration and a life expectancy age of 67.6 years will obviously decrease the population steadily. This has been evident in their recent population change of -0.211% to the total population. One of the major causes of the low life expectancy rate is because of their love for alcohol. Russians drink 18 litres of pure alcohol per year per person which can be compared to 7.8 litres for the average Canadian. Alcohol related health problems contribute the most to the large number of ER visits. Alcohol is prevalent in Russia mainly because of their culture and the way society starts promoting alcohol to children even at a young age. Furthermore, social isolation, shyness, depression and anxiety are main contributing factors for many people. Another major contributor would be the number of people who drown each year. 117.369 deaths per 1 million people are due to drowning in Russia compared to 14.9367 deaths per 1 million people in Canada. This is probably because Russians are uneducated as to safety while swimming. Another contributing factor would be the number of murders, manslaughters and suicides in Russia compared to Canada with many of these acts by youths and teenagers. This is due to depression, and peer pressure. Finally there are 61.665 HIV deaths per million people every year in Russia while there are 47.423 per million people in Canada. This is due to a lack of education and focus on such topics in Soviet Russia instead of embracing and implanting counselling for such issues.

Depression has been a major contributing factor to high alcohol consumption, many people smoking, suicide, self harm, manslaughter, crime, and murders. Depression has causes behind it too though and is not prevalent only in poverty stricken areas but rather high societies as well. People in poverty face depression for obvious reasons such as a lack of wealth, bad health-low sanitation rate of 76% of population, and seeing the unfairness around such as police corruption. However the rich are also face depression in that they see post Soviet Russia as having lost their past and that their children cannot be brought up in the past environment.

Alcoholism- Depression and anxiety, cultural, pressure, poverty, social isolation, shyness

Smoking- Pressure at work, depression, mature, friends, experiment

Depression-prevalent in high societies as well as poor poverty stricken areas because a sense of loss after fall of Soviet Union

Manslaughter, Murder, Suicide - depression, nothing left to lose

HIV- a lack of education towards this subject

Birth Causes

According to the Ministry of Health, 5 million to 6 million Russian couples are unable to have children.Out of those who somehow manage to get pregnant, only one in three women will eventually give birth. While one in 10 pregnant women have miscarriages due to health problems, 60 percent of those pregnant women opt to have abortions. Almost half select the operation due to financial difficulties. Another 20 percent willingly reject the opportunity to have children because they don't see how they can secure a future for them in Russia. Also some women are afraid to give birthbecause of the number ofstories of how mothers were left in cold rooms at the state birthing homes after their labor, or how cotton balls were left in the abdomens of women after Caesarean sections, or how babies were discharged with a bundle of infections contracted in the nursery could be told by half the women who have given birth in Russia.

Solutions

There is no easy or cheap one solution to the issue of deaths however when breaking down the problem it became evident that many solutions exist for every cause of the deaths. Therefore solutions to all the contributing problems will naturally solve the problems as well as solve many other problems plaguing Russia such as depression and alcoholism.

These are the solutions for the sub problems:

Alcoholism - minimum fixed price on vodka, banning street kiosks that sell alcohol, raising beer taxes, education as to dangers of overconsumption of alcohol, cracking down on illegal brewing of alcohol

Smoking - restrictions on smoking areas in public, raising cigarette taxes, limiting advertisements, educations to dangers

Depression/Anxiety - psychological centres, job stimulus to decrease stress, a friendlier learning environment for children, counsellors for stress

HIV - education as to dangers, counselling during high school

Drowning - education as to dangers, mandatory life vests

Self harm, murders, suicides, manslaughters - solved when fixing depression, instilling trust in people regarding the police

Abortions - restrictions as to abortion circumstances

Infant Mortality - better train doctors, improve free health care access in rural areas, and update medical equipment

Low Birth Rate - financial incentive for people with more than two children

Divorce rate - monetary incentive for couples for are together for a long time, marriage counselling

Emigration - create a haven for the birth of new ideas, create trust in government

Immigration - create a haven for the birth of new ideas, tax cuts and financial incentive for people who immigrate.

Together all solutions may be unrealistic. But probably 4 or 5 of these changes in Russia could create a chain of events that would solve the problem of decreasing population in Russia.

(e.g. a change in the government for more balance would: create less deaths as people are less depressed, which would urge people to earn more money as there is more balance, which would have people making more babies because of happiness, which would lower murders, self harm and drinking due to lack of depression, which would attract people into immigrating, which would lower people emigrating out of the country)

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