Distribution Of Residential Water Use In Jordan Environmental Sciences Essay

Domestic wastewater is water that has been discharged after its use in the form of residential water

, commercial water, water used in different institutions, and similar facilities (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). The distribution of water use within a residence varies from one country to another and from one community to another within the same country. For example, the distribution of domestic household water use in the United States includes 16.8% for showering, 1.7% for bathing, 21.8% for laundry, 26.8% for toilet flushing, 15.7% for faucet and sink, and 13.7% for leakage (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004). Jordan is one of the four poorest countries in the world with renewable fresh water resources. As a result, every possible effort should be directed to efficient use of water resources, reduce water consumption, and increase available water resources.

Knowledge of the distribution of internal domestic water use is essential for better and sustainable management of water resources in the community. Water quantities that are generated and can be collected from showers, washing machines, kitchen, and sinks are called greywater (Jamrah et al., 2008). Available literature has shown that greywater comprises 50-80% of residential fresh water total consumption and is an alternative source of water (Jamrah et al 2007). These greywaters can be easily treated and reused, which can result in significant reduction of water consumption, or a significant increase in available water resources for a community. Research carried out in the city of Amman (Jamrah et al., 2006) showed that the amount of greywater generated has an average of 59 Lpcd, which was comparable to greywater quantities for some European countires which ranges between 66 Lpcd and 274 Lpcd (Palmquist and Hanaeous, 2005; Gajurel et al., 2003; Fittschen and Niemczynowiez, 1997).

Further, measures should be taken to reduce interior water use and wastewater flow rates to conserve both resources and energy. Strategies for reduction of water consumption vary from restricting the use of certain appliances such as automatic dishwashers and kitchen food grinders, to installing water saving devices. Knowledge of the distribution of internal domestic water use can help greatly in the proper use installation of water saving devices. For example, Metcalf and Eddy (2003) reports that while water saving devices achieve 16% reduction when used with showerheads, 50% when used with toilet flushing and 30% when used automatic laundry machines, no reduction in water consumption is achieved when these water saving devices are used with faucets and dishwashing equipment.

The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of residential internal water use in the Al-alt city.

الدراسات السابقة :

Yang et al,(2007) , a study was taken place in Beijing in China , provides a systematic framework for the analysis of wastewater reuse potential under various driving forces and constraints. A linear programming model was used to analyze different reuse approaches concerning alternative wastewater charges and reuse prices. The result help to better understand the complex systems and evaluate the effect of key factors influencing the potential of wastewater reuse.

Chu et al ,(2004),This paper presents the systematic framework of wastewater reuse potential estimation. Based on the regional disparities in China, a linear programming optimization model is developed to explore the potential wastewater reuse quantities, under physical and economical constraints. The study providing information regarding China's water and wastewater management.

Marks,(2006),This paper will present findings from research undertaken in California and Florida, USA, and Australia. The paper ask for; What is the community response to recycling reclaimed water? . The acceptance of some of the main uses, and householder's experience of recycling water for residential use were covered by the paper. The resulting analysis suggests that the shift from traditional, centrally controlled water supplies to innovative alternatives requires a corresponding shift in resources to support what is essentially a social transformation in water service delivery and management.

Hurlimann, (2007), the study concern of the perception of risk involved with using recycled water in the urban Australian community's. As a result there is a positive relationship between perception of risk and personal usage of recycled water. Moreover, there is a significant negative relationship between perception of risk and trust in the water authority, perception of fairness and information trust.

Jamrah et al (2008) studied 38 areas of Amman that covered 233 houses and 1514 people. They examine the potential of greywater availability and the components constituting sources of greywater generated in Amman. They also investigate the water quality parameters of greywater in order to assess its reuse potential and at measuring the public acceptance of greywater reuse for different applications..

Jamrah et al (2006) ,evaluated the potential of greywater availability in Muscat Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman and establishing a methodology for greywater quantity estimation, and testing greywater quality in order to assess reuse potential, and to examine public acceptance for reuse.

Total fresh water consumption and greywater generation from different household sources were measured by water meters in five selected households during summer and winter.

Lu et al (2003), use preliminary studies to examine the feasibility and potential of using reclaimed greywater on the potential of categorizing municipal wastewater and developing grey and storm recycling system in public housing state. It is estimated that the consumption of fresh water by domestic usage takes up to 70-80% of the total volume of wastewater globally .

A telephone survey by Randolph et al (2008) ,of Sydney households attitudes to water consumption and the ways in which domestic demand for water may be reduced. The information was collected in a period when strong water use restrictions were in place and major arguments were being mounted in favor of water pricing as a way of moderating demand. The kinds of dwellings, the cultural, behavioral and institutional aspects of consumption, government water policies, and/or providing alternative domestic supplies of potable water are considerable factors in determining people demand for water.

منهج البحث:

This study will focus on the various aspects related to the distribution of internal domestic use in the city of Al-Salt. The outcome of this study will outline the frequency of internal domestic water use, and the relative contribution of various sources of household wastewater. The study will also measure the public acceptance of saving water.

In order to achieve the purposes of this research, a questionnaire in the form of a social survey will be designed and administrated to an appropriate sample of households in the city of Al-Salt. The questionnaire will be administered randomly, and will try to relate the internal domestic water use to variables such as class and category of residence area, type of dwelling, household income, level of education, family size along with gender and age distribution, household appliances, among others. The social survey will also try to come up with conclusions regarding the frequency of household internal water use (number of washing cycles per week, frequency of showering, frequency and type of sink use: hand washing, tooth brushing, ablution, and hair washing). The study will also gauge the public perception towards possible strategies for reducing domestic water consumption ( water saving devices).

The Collected data will be analyzed using statistical methods to examine variability, correlation, distribution, and statistical inference of the variables of interest.

Research contribution

Fulfillment of the objectives of this study can help establish management decisions related to domestic water use and domestic wastewater management . These objectives can also help in general impressions about the habits and the consumption attitudes of domestic water in AL-Salt city.

المصادر والمراجع

Anna C.Hurlimann ,(2007) . is recycled water use risky ?an urban Australian community's perspective ,Journal Of Environmentalist ,27,83-94

Bill Randolph, Patrick Troy, (2008). Attitudes to conservation and water consumption .Journal of Environmental Science and Policy, 11,441-445.

Eva Eriksson,Karina Affurath,Mogens Henze ,Anna ledin (2002). Characterstics of greywater.Journal Of Urban Water ,4,85-104.

Emaculate Madungwe , Saniso Sakuringwa,(2007), Greywater reuse: A strategy for water demand management in Harare?.Journal Of Physics and Chemistry Of Earth ,32,1231-1236.

Hong Yang, Karim C. Abbaspour,(2007) .Analysis of wastewater reuse potential in Beijing, Journal Of Desalination, 212 ,238-250.

Junying Chu, Jining Chen, Can Wang, Ping Fu,(2004) . Wastewater reuse potential analysis: implications for China's,Journal Of Water Research, 38 ,2746-2756.

J.S. Marks,(2006). Taking the public seriously: the case of potable and non potable reuse .The Journal Of Desalination ,187 ,137-147.

Jamrah, A., Al-omari, A., Al-qasem, L., and Abdelghani, N. (2006). Assessment of availability and characteristics of greywater in Amman. International Water Resources Association, 31, 210-220.

Jamrah, A., Al-futaisi, A., Prathapar, S., and Al-Harrasi, A. (2008). Evaluating greywater reuse potential for sustainable water resources management in Oman. Journal Of Environment Assess, 137,315-327.

Metcalf and Eddy, (2004), Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, 4th edition.

Weizhen Lu,AndrewY.T.Leung,(2003) ,A preliminary study on potential of developing shower /laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system ,Journal Of Chemosphere ,52,1451-1459.