欢迎来到留学生英语论文网

客服信息

我们支持 澳洲论文代写 Assignment代写、加拿大论文代写 Assignment代写、新西兰论文代写 Assignment代写、美国论文代写 Assignment代写、英国论文代写 Assignment代写、及其他国家的英语文书润色修改代写方案.论文写作指导服务

唯一联系方式Q微:7878393

当前位置:首页 > 论文范文 > Nutrition

Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak

发布时间:2017-04-03
该论文是我们的学员投稿,并非我们专家级的写作水平!如果你有论文作业写作指导需求请联系我们的客服人员

Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak (April 2008)

As of June 22, 2008, an on-going multi-jurisdictional collaboration and epidemiologic investigation of the outbreak, a sudden rise in the incidence (Webster Dictionary), of human Salmonella serotype Saintpaul (Salmonella sp.) infections are being conducted by federal (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)), state and local public health agencies as well as the other Human and Health Services operating divisions (Op-Divs), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Indian Health Service (IHS). The investigation started through overall biosurveillance by Texas and New Mexico Department of Health (DOH) and IHS in early April. They identified consumption of raw tomatoes as the likely source of suspect illnesses in New Mexico and Texas.

Although the specific type and source of tomatoes is still undergoing investigation, data indicates that illnesses are linked to consumption of raw red plum, red Roma or round red tomatoes or any combination of these types of tomatoes, and to products containing these raw tomatoes.

Salmonella Saintpaul Overview

Salmonellosis is an infection caused by bacteria called Salmonella. Salmonella bacteria live in the intestinal tracts of many animals, including food animals such as cattle and poultry, wild animals, and pets. Most of the symptoms of Salmonellosis are gastrointestinal and are experienced within 12 - 72 hours after exposure. These include nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, and fatigue. Some signs of individuals infected with Salmonella include fever, diarrhea (bloody diarrhea), vomiting and rose spots. The pathogenic bacterium induces responses in the infected individuals which is what causes the symptoms as oppose to a direct toxin. Most individuals recover without treatment in 4 - 7 days. However, there may be instances of severe illnesses that require medical attention and hospitalization.

Infants, young children, elderly people and individuals with impaired immune systems are more likely to become severely ill. The Salmonella infection in these population groups can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and then to other body sites. At this point, the infection can cause death unless the infected individual is treated promptly with antibiotics.

Salmonella Saintpaul Transmission

Since Salmonella lives in the intestinal tract of many food animals, it is usually transmitted to humans by eating food contaminated with animal feces. Contaminated foods usually look and smell normal and therefore may not be visible to the naked eye. Additionally, Salmonella cannot only be found in the feces of animals (e.g., food animals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds) but may also be found in some habitats, such as ponds and drainage ditches.

The exact mechanism by which tomatoes become contaminated is not known, however, experimental evidence suggests certain possibilities. The CDC indicates that in experimental studies, the insides of whole tomatoes can be contaminated in at least two ways: (1) if tomatoes are immersed in water that is colder than the tomato, water can enter through the stem scar; if the water is contaminated, Salmonella can be carried in; (2) if contaminated water touches the stem or flower of a tomato plant, the growing tomato can be contaminated. Contamination on the tomato surface also can be transferred to the inside when it is cut. Food handlers infected with Salmonella who have not washed their hands may also contaminate tomatoes during preparation.1

Mitigating Salmonella Exposure and Infection

The CDC and FDA has provided guidelines in associated with this outbreak as well as indicating steps individuals may take to mitigate their risk to Salmonella infection.

  • Persons with increased risk of severe infection, including infants, elderly persons, and those with impaired immune systems, should not eat raw Roma or red round tomatoes other than those sold attached to the vine or grown at home.
  • Persons who want to reduce their risk of Salmonella infection can avoid consuming raw Roma or red round tomatoes other than those sold attached to the vine or grown at home.
  • Avoid purchasing bruised or damaged tomatoes and discard any that appear spoiled.
  • Thoroughly wash all tomatoes under running water
  • Refrigerate within 2 hours or discard cut, peeled, or cooked tomatoes.
  • Keep tomatoes that will be consumed raw separate from raw meats, raw seafood, and raw produce items.
  • Wash cutting boards, dishes, utensils, and counter tops with hot water and soap when switching between types of food products.
  • Consumers should confirm with their retailers that the source of "locally grown" tomatoes is one of the sources listed on the FDA list.

Conclusions

Through the research on this particular outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul in tomatoes, one would suspect the contamination originated at a tomato plant outside of the US due to the location of the initial outbreak, the rate at which the outbreak spread and the number cases,. Since the outbreak was first identified in Texas and New Mexico, it's possible that the tomatoes originated in Mexico or on an Indian reservation by being exposed to water conditions that induced contamination.

<?php include $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'].'/includes/sections/essays/essayfooter.php'; ?>

上一篇:Food Healthy Americans 下一篇:Food Consumption Demand Supply